Anti-nuclear antibody testing is a popular test used to diagnose autoimmune disorders

 

Anti-nuclear Antibody Testing
Anti-nuclear Antibody Testing

Anti-nuclear antibody testing is a blood test used to look for autoantibodies that attack components of cells’ nuclei, or "command" centers. These antibodies can trigger autoimmune diseases like lupus. Some people who have autoimmune disorders such as lupus or Sjogren's syndrome will have antibodies that specifically target the DNA in their cells' nuclei. These autoantibodies are called ANAs.

According to Coherent Market Insights the Anti-nuclear Antibody Testing Market Global Industry Insights, Trends, Outlook, and Opportunity Analysis, 2022-2028.

There are several ways to measure ANAs in a person's blood. The most common method is the indirect immunofluorescent ANA (IIF-ANA) test, also known as a fluorescent antinuclear antibody (FANA) test. Some of the supplemental tests that are commonly ordered with a positive ANA include a Sjogren's syndrome test, an anti-double-stranded DNA test (anti-dsDNA), and a drug-induced SLE (anti-U1RNP) test. These tests help the doctor confirm a diagnosis of an autoimmune disorder and may rule out other causes for symptoms, including infection, cancer, or drugs. There are many different types of autoimmune disorders, each with its own set of signs and symptoms. Symptoms can include joint pain, swelling, and fever. Some of these diseases are more serious, like rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma.

The ELISA test is the most sensitive of the anti-nuclear antibody testing and can detect single autoantibodies such as anti-dsDNA, SS-A/Ro, and SS-B/La. The test is based on the principle that an antibody binds to its epitope (target) in a solid phase well when it is stimulated by an enzyme. The test uses a technique called indirect immunofluorescence assay, or IFA. This method allows ANA in patient serum to bind to corresponding nuclear epitopes on microscope slides of human epithelium-derived HEp-2 cells. This is followed by the detection of the resulting fluorescent signal with an enzyme-conjugated detection antibody. The intensity of the fluorescent staining and the pattern of binding is then analyzed at a series of dilutions to determine a level of ANA that is most likely to be present in the sample.

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